Lingaliro la nsalu zanzeru zolumikizirana

Mu lingaliro la nsalu zanzeru zolumikizana, kuwonjezera pa mawonekedwe a nzeru, kuthekera kolumikizana ndi chinthu china chofunikira. Monga momwe zidayambira ukadaulo wa nsalu zanzeru zolumikizana, chitukuko chaukadaulo cha nsalu zolumikizana chaperekanso zopereka zazikulu ku nsalu zanzeru zolumikizana.

Njira yolumikizirana ya nsalu zanzeru zolumikizirana nthawi zambiri imagawidwa m'magulu awiri: kuyanjana kosachitapo kanthu ndi kuyanjana kogwira ntchito. Nsalu zanzeru zokhala ndi ntchito zolumikizira zosachitapo kanthu nthawi zambiri zimatha kungowona kusintha kapena zoyambitsa zomwe zili kunja ndipo sizingapange mayankho ogwira mtima; nsalu zanzeru zokhala ndi ntchito zolumikizirana zimatha kuyankha kusinthaku munthawi yake pamene zikuwona kusintha kwa chilengedwe chakunja.

Zotsatira za zipangizo zatsopano ndi ukadaulo watsopano wokonzekera pa nsalu zanzeru zolumikizirana

1. Ulusi wopangidwa ndi zitsulo - chisankho choyamba pa ntchito yopangira nsalu zanzeru zolumikizana

Ulusi wopangidwa ndi zitsulo ndi mtundu wa ulusi wogwira ntchito womwe wakopa chidwi chachikulu m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ndi mphamvu zake zapadera zotsutsana ndi mabakiteriya, zoletsa kutentha, zoyeretsa komanso zochotsa fungo loipa, wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo a zovala zaumwini, zamankhwala, masewera, nsalu zapakhomo ndi zovala zapadera.

Ngakhale nsalu zachitsulo zokhala ndi makhalidwe enaake enieni sizingatchedwe nsalu zanzeru zolumikizirana, nsalu zachitsulo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chonyamulira ma circuit amagetsi, ndipo zitha kukhalanso gawo la ma circuit amagetsi, motero zimakhala zinthu zomwe zimasankhidwa pa nsalu zolumikizirana.

2. Zotsatira za ukadaulo watsopano wokonzekera nsalu pa nsalu zolumikizana mwanzeru

Njira yokonzekera nsalu yomwe ilipo yanzeru imagwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating ndi ma electroless plating. Popeza nsalu zanzeru zimakhala ndi ntchito zambiri zonyamula katundu ndipo zimafuna kudalirika kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kupeza zokutira zokhuthala pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa vacuum covering. Popeza palibe njira yatsopano yaukadaulo, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zanzeru kumachepetsedwa ndi ukadaulo wa physical plating. Kuphatikiza kwa ma electroplating ndi ma electroless plating kwakhala njira yothetsera vutoli. Nthawi zambiri, nsalu zokhala ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera magetsi zikakonzedwa, ulusi woyendetsa magetsi wopangidwa ndi ma electroless plating umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba kuluka nsalu. Chophimba nsalu chokonzedwa ndi ukadaulo uwu chimakhala chofanana kwambiri kuposa nsalu yomwe imapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa electroplating mwachindunji. Kuphatikiza apo, ulusi woyendetsa magetsi ukhoza kusakanikirana ndi ulusi wamba molingana ndi kuchepetsa ndalama potengera ntchito zowonetsetsa kuti ntchito zikuyenda bwino.

Pakadali pano, vuto lalikulu ndi ukadaulo wa ulusi ndi mphamvu yolumikizirana komanso kulimba kwa utoto. Pakugwiritsa ntchito, nsaluyo iyenera kuyesedwa kuti ione ngati ili yolimba, yotsukidwa, yopindidwa, yokanda, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chake, ulusi woyendetsa uyenera kuyesedwa kuti ukhale wolimba, zomwe zimapangitsanso kuti pakhale zofunikira kwambiri pakukonzekera ndi kumatirira kwa utotowo. Ngati mtundu wa utotowo suli wabwino, udzasweka ndikugwa pogwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa electroplating pa nsalu za ulusi.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ukadaulo wosindikiza wa microelectronic wasonyeza pang'onopang'ono ubwino waukadaulo pakupanga nsalu zanzeru zolumikizirana. Ukadaulo uwu ungagwiritse ntchito zida zosindikizira kuti uike inki yoyendetsa bwino pa substrate, motero kupanga zinthu zamagetsi zomwe zingasinthidwe mosavuta ngati zikufunika. Ngakhale kusindikiza kwa microelectronic kumatha kupanga zinthu zamagetsi mwachangu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana pa substrate zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kumatha kukhala ndi nthawi yochepa komanso kusintha kwakukulu, mtengo waukadaulo uwu ukadali wokwera kwambiri pakadali pano.

Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wa hydrogel woyendetsa magetsi umasonyezanso ubwino wake wapadera pakukonzekera nsalu zanzeru zolumikizirana. Kuphatikiza mphamvu yoyendetsa magetsi ndi kusinthasintha, ma hydrogel oyendetsa magetsi amatha kutsanzira ntchito za makina ndi zomverera za khungu la munthu. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, akoka chidwi chachikulu m'magawo a zida zovalidwa, ma biosensors okhazikika, ndi khungu lochita kupanga. Chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa netiweki yoyendetsa magetsi, hydrogel ili ndi kusamutsa ma elekitironi mwachangu komanso mphamvu zamphamvu zamakaniko. Monga polima yoyendetsa magetsi yokhala ndi mphamvu yosinthika, polyaniline ingagwiritse ntchito phytic acid ndi polyelectrolyte ngati zinthu zopangira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma hydrogel oyendetsa magetsi. Ngakhale mphamvu yake yamagetsi yokwanira, netiweki yofooka komanso yofooka imalepheretsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kothandiza. Chifukwa chake, ikufunika kupangidwa m'njira zothandiza.

Nsalu zanzeru zolumikizana zopangidwa kutengera ukadaulo watsopano

Nsalu zokumbukira mawonekedwe

Nsalu zokumbukira mawonekedwe zimabweretsa zinthu zomwe zili ndi ntchito zokumbukira mawonekedwe mu nsalu kudzera mu kuluka ndi kumaliza, kotero kuti nsalu zimakhala ndi mphamvu zokumbukira mawonekedwe. Chogulitsacho chikhoza kukhala chofanana ndi chitsulo chokumbukira, pambuyo pa kusintha kulikonse, chimatha kusintha mawonekedwe ake kukhala choyambirira chikafika pamikhalidwe ina.

Nsalu zokumbukira mawonekedwe makamaka zimaphatikizapo thonje, silika, nsalu zaubweya ndi nsalu za hydrogel. Nsalu yokumbukira mawonekedwe yomwe idapangidwa ndi Hong Kong Polytechnic University imapangidwa ndi thonje ndi nsalu, zomwe zimatha kuchira msanga bwino komanso molimba zitatenthedwa, ndipo zimayamwa bwino chinyezi, sizisintha mtundu zikagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo sizimamwa mankhwala.

Zinthu zomwe zili ndi zofunikira pa ntchito monga kutchinjiriza, kukana kutentha, kukana chinyezi, kukana mpweya, komanso kukana kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga nsalu zokumbukira mawonekedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, pankhani ya mafashoni, zinthu zokumbukira mawonekedwe zakhalanso zinthu zabwino kwambiri zofotokozera chilankhulo cha kapangidwe m'manja mwa opanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale ndi mawonekedwe apadera.

Nsalu zamagetsi zanzeru

Mwa kuyika zinthu zosinthika zamagetsi ndi masensa mu nsalu, n'zotheka kukonzekera nsalu zanzeru zamagetsi. Auburn University ku United States yapanga chinthu cha ulusi chomwe chingapangitse kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kusintha kwa kuwala komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kuwala. Zinthuzi zili ndi ubwino waukulu waukadaulo pakupanga zowonetsera zosinthasintha ndi zida zina. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pamene makampani aukadaulo omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zamakono zam'manja awonetsa kufunikira kwakukulu kwa ukadaulo wowonetsera wosinthasintha, kafukufuku pa ukadaulo wowonetsera nsalu wosinthasintha walandira chidwi chachikulu komanso kutukuka kwakukulu.

Nsalu zamakono zokhazikika

Kuphatikiza zida zamagetsi mu nsalu kudzera muukadaulo wa modular kuti akonze nsalu ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera nzeru za nsalu. Kudzera mu pulojekiti ya "Project Jacquard", Google yadzipereka kukwaniritsa kugwiritsa ntchito modular nsalu zanzeru. Pakadali pano, yagwirizana ndi Levi's, Saint Laurent, Adidas ndi mitundu ina kuti ipange mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsalu zanzeru zamagulu osiyanasiyana ogula.

Kukula kwamphamvu kwa nsalu zanzeru zolumikizana sikusiyana ndi chitukuko chopitilira cha zipangizo zatsopano komanso mgwirizano wangwiro wa njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa zipangizo zatsopano pamsika masiku ano komanso kukhwima kwa ukadaulo wopanga, malingaliro olimba mtima adzayesedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mtsogolo kuti apereke chilimbikitso chatsopano ndi malangizo kwa makampani opanga nsalu zanzeru.